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"Drawing on historical and ethnographic research on tuberculosis in India, Bharat Jayram Venkat explores what it means to be cured and what it means for a cure to be partial, temporary, or selectively effective."

Tuberculosis --- Prevention. --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Diseases

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Tuberculosis is an ancient disease with a high incidence and mortality rate, unequally distributed worldwide. Epidemiological indicators, but also risk factors, play a key role in the natural history of the disease and need to be regulary addressed. Low and middle income countries are not prepared for appropriate response and are also the most affected. The incidence of this extrapulmonary disease is far from being clearly established. Epidemiological studies in different geographical areas will help in this field.

Tuberculosis. --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Tuberculosis --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Internal Medicine --- Infectious Diseases --- Health Sciences

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Data are rapidly accumulating from all over the world regarding the efficacy of standardized treatment regimens for drug-sensitive, drug-resistant TB and latent TB infection. While we are facing the menace of multi drug-resistant TB [MDR-TB], extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis [XDR­ TB] has emerged threatening to undermine global efforts at TB control. Hence we have included chapters to cover all aspects of the diagnosis and management of MDR TB. This book will cover all these developments in great detail. With the widespread availability of internet globally various standard web resources available on TB have also been included so that the readers may get the comprehensive and updated guidelines from these resources. The changing clinical presentation of TB, advances in laboratory, imaging diagnostic modalities, therapeutic measures and emergence of MDR TB all suggest a pressing need to have a updated book on TB. Furthermore, while all physicians encounter the TB disease in their clinical practice, there have been a lot of controversies and misconceptions over various issues for the diagnosis and management of TB. Paucity of a well referenced, updated, standard book of TB has prompted us to undertake this venture sharing the clinical experience of global experts of TB. Our book contains chapters on epidemiology, immune-pathology, diagnosis, treatment and latest advances for TB, highlighting the global perspective of tuberculosis. World-wide resurgence of MDR TB indicates that the battle against this foe of mankind will continue in the coming years. TB still remains to be a research priority of paramount importance from medical, social and financial aspects and we have attempted to highlight all the aspects for the treatment of TB. We believe that this book will serve as a practical guide for the diagnosis and management of TB for practicing physicians (especially pulmonologists and internists) and all those who are involved in the management of TB.

Communicable diseases. --- Tuberculosis. --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Contagion and contagious diseases --- Contagious diseases --- Infectious diseases --- Microbial diseases in human beings --- Zymotic diseases --- Diseases --- Infection --- Epidemics --- Tuberculosis --- Infectious & contagious diseases

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The diagnosis of tuberculosis in the childhood population represents a major obstacle to the health system because the pediatric patient is paucibacillary. This is done by four classic criteria: epidemiological, tuberculinic, radiological and clinical; however, this method has an approximate sensitivity of 50%. On the other hand, molecular tests are new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections, due to the rapidity of the result, high sensitivity, specificity and also, it reports resistance to antituberculosis drugs. Therefore, the objective of the review is to investigate the diagnosis of molecular methods in pediatric tuberculosis, since it is considered a vulnerable population, with more probability of disease progression, diagnostic problems due to the condition of being pediatric patients, the difficult microbiological isolation and therapeutic difficulties. Objective: describe the evidence on the use of molecular tests in the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in Latin American countries reported in the scientific literature. Materials and methods: a narrative review of the literature was performed. The selection criteria were articles that evaluated molecular tests in pediatric patients up to 18 years with a diagnosis of tuberculosis in Latin American countries. A structured search was conducted in Medline via OVID and Embase using the keywords “tuberculosis”, “pediatric”, “children”, “diagnosis” and “molecular”. The language was limited to English and Spanish, but there was no date limit. Results: 1050 articles were found, of which 751 articles were removed by the selection criteria in the title / summary and 95 articles in the full text. A qualitative analysis was performed with the 8 selected articles, which were published between 2003 and 2018, in addition 50 % of the articles were made in Peru. It was also found that the nested PCR test was implemented in 87.5 % of the studies and only 12.5 % used the GeneXpert MTB / RIF test. Most of the articles showed that nPCR has high specificity, but low sensitivity compared to liquid cultures. The nPCR has a tendency to have more false positives. Conclusions: although there are multiple molecular tests, only the report of the nested PCR test and GeneXpert MTB / RIF was found in the articles. There is little literature reported on the application of molecular diagnostic methods in the pediatric population for Latin America. El diagnóstico de tuberculosis en la población infantil representa un gran obstáculo para el sistema de salud porque el paciente pediátrico es paucibacilar. Este se realiza mediante cuatro criterios clásicos: epidemiológico, tuberculínico, radiológico y clínico; sin embargo, este método tiene una sensibilidad aproximada del 50 %. Por otro lado, las pruebas moleculares son métodos nuevos para el diagnóstico de estas infecciones, por la rapidez del resultado, una alta sensibilidad, especificidad y además, reporta la resistencia a los fármacos antituberculosos. Por lo anterior el objetivo de la revisión es investigar acerca del diagnóstico de métodos moleculares en tuberculosis pediátrica, ya que se considera que esta es una población vulnerable, teniendo más probabilidad de progresión de la enfermedad, problemas en el diagnóstico por la dificultad en la toma de los exámenes, la dificultad del aislamiento microbiológico y las dificultades terapéuticas. Objetivo: describir la evidencia sobre el uso de pruebas moleculares en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis infantil en países de Latinoamérica reportadas en la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Los criterios de selección fueron artículos que evaluaran pruebas moleculares en pacientes pediátricos hasta los 18 años con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en países de Latinoamérica. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada en Medline vía OVID y Embase utilizando las palabras clave “tuberculosis”, “pediatric”, “children”, “diagnosis” y “molecular”. Se limitó el lenguaje al inglés y español, pero no se tuvo límite de fecha. Resultados: se encontraron 1050 artículos, de los cuales se eliminaron 751 artículos por los criterios de selección en el título/resumen y 95 artículos en el texto completo. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo con los ocho artículos seleccionados, los cuales fueron publicados entre el 2003 y 2018; además el 50 % de los artículos se realizaron en Perú. También se encontró que en el 87.5 % de los estudios se implementó la prueba PCR anidada y solo el 12.5 % utilizó la prueba GeneXpert MTB/RIF. La mayor parte de los artículos mostraron que la PCR anidada tiene alta especificidad, pero baja sensibilidad comparada con los cultivos líquidos. La nPCR tiene tendencia a tener más falsos positivos. Conclusiones: aunque existen múltiples pruebas moleculares, en los artículos solo se encontró el reporte de la prueba PCR anidada y GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Existe poca literatura reportada de la aplicación de los métodos diagnósticos moleculares en población pediátrica para Latinoamérica.

Tuberculosis --- Respiratory organs --- Research --- Diseases --- Air passages (Anatomy) --- Respiratory system --- Cardiopulmonary system --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Niños --- Diagnóstico molecular --- Pulmonar --- Latinoamérica

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The global emergency caused by HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis requires new approaches to confront the three major killing diseases around the world that are the origin and the consequence of serious poverty. In response to this emergency, The European Union provides a comprehensive approach in a wide range of policy areas, including trade, development and research. Research on HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis focuses on collaborative research at World level, developing new therapies, diagnostic and preventive tools. The Programme is sponsoring research on the entire spectrum, from basic molecular research through to preclinical tests and proof-of-principle studies. Research efforts confront the three diseases at the global level, but also address specific European aspects. Structures that were successfully built under the FP6 (2002-2006) are reinforced and complemented in the FP7. This catalogue shows the projects currently financed by the European Commission's Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7) since 2007 up to 2010, aiming at combating these three major killer diseases: HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis."

Besmettelijke ziekten --- Communicable diseases --- Contagion and contagious diseases --- Contagious diseases --- Infectious diseases --- Maladies contagieuses --- Microbial diseases in man --- Ziekten [Besmettelijke ] --- Zymotic diseases --- E-books --- Medical policy --- European Union countries --- Medicine --- Research --- HIV infections --- Malaria --- Tuberculosis --- World health --- Global health --- International health --- Public health --- Medical geography --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Science --- Science research --- Scientific research --- Information services --- Learning and scholarship --- Methodology --- Research teams --- Ague --- Chills and fever --- Intermittent fever --- Malarial fever --- Fever --- Protozoan diseases --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Biosecurity --- Prevention --- International cooperation --- Diseases